👉 Meaning (अर्थ):
Ratio Analysis is a technique to understand the financial health of a company by comparing different figures from the financial statements.
Ratio analysis ek technique hai jisme company ke financial health ko samjhne ke liye alag-alag figures ko compare kiya jata hai (jaise Balance Sheet aur P&L statement ke numbers).

🔹 Types of Ratios (अनुपातों के प्रकार)

1. Liquidity Ratios (तरलता अनुपात)

➡ Measures company’s short-term ability to pay obligations.
➡ Company ki short-term obligations ko pay karne ki capacity ko dikhata hai.

  • Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
  • Quick Ratio = (Current Assets – Inventory) / Current Liabilities

2. Profitability Ratios (लाभप्रदता अनुपात)

➡ Show how efficiently the company is generating profit.
➡ Ye dikhata hai ki company profit kitni efficiently kama rahi hai.

  • Net Profit Margin = Net Profit / Sales × 100
  • Return on Equity (ROE) = Net Profit / Shareholder’s Equity × 100
  • Earnings Per Share (EPS) = Net Profit / No. of Shares

3. Leverage Ratios (सॉल्वेंसी या उत्तोलन अनुपात)

➡ Measure long-term financial stability & debt position.
➡ Ye dikhata hai company ki long-term stability aur debt position.

  • Debt to Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Shareholder’s Equity
  • Interest Coverage Ratio = EBIT / Interest Expense

4. Efficiency Ratios (गतिविधि अनुपात)

➡ Show how effectively assets are used.
➡ Ye dikhata hai ki company apne resources ko kitna efficiently use karti hai.

  • Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory
  • Asset Turnover = Net Sales / Total Assets

5. Market Value Ratios (बाज़ार मूल्य अनुपात)

➡ Helpful for investors to analyze company’s stock value.
➡ Ye investors ko company ke stock ka valuation samjhne me help karta hai.

  • Price to Earnings (P/E) Ratio = Market Price per Share / EPS
  • Market to Book Value Ratio = Market Price per Share / Book Value per Share

✅ In short (संक्षेप में):

  • Liquidity Ratios → Short-term position
  • Profitability Ratios → Profitability check
  • Leverage Ratios → Debt & stability check
  • Efficiency Ratios → Asset utilization check
  • Market Ratios → Investor view